Introdusaun Badak ba Timor-Leste | Rekursu Selesionadu

Introdusaun Badak ba Timor-Leste

Timor-Leste tuur iha Sudeste Áziatiku, iha Arkipélagu Indonéziu nia Osidente no iha Austrália nia Nordeste. Końesidu baibain nu’udar East Timor ho lian Inglés, nasaun ne’e inklui parte orientál Illa Timór nian, hamutuk ho enklave Oekusi iha rai-Timór Osidentál, illa Ataúru iha Dili nia oin no mós rai-kotun Jaku iha Ponta-Leste rai-Timór nian. Maski rai-Timór komparativamente ki’ik ho kilómetru kuadradu 15,000, illa ne’e iha rai-foho barak tebes. Foho aas liu mak Foho Ramelau ho besik metru 3000 no rain restu kuaze mesak rai-foho de’it, maibé iha mós rai-tetuk luan balu. Kuaze rai-Timór tomak mak liuhosi estasaun udan boot no bailoro ne’ebé distintu, no vejetasaun varia hosi tropikál to’o vegetasaun rai-maran nian.

Timor-Leste nia populasaun oras daudaun liu uitoan ema millaun ida. Maski konsentrasaun populasaun nian aas liu iha kapitál Dili, maioria populasaun moris iha sentru rejionál ka komunidade rurál sira iha distritu 13 nasaun nian. Lian ofisiál Timor-Leste nian mak lia-tetun no lia-portugés ho lia-indonézia no lia-inglés dezignadu nu’udar lian servisu nian. Maibé, populasaun barak la ko’alia lia-tetun ka lia-portugés nu’udar sira nia lian rasik no iha lian barak liu 30 ne’ebé ema uza iha territóriu tomak nia laran no iha mós grupu boot lian nian hanesan lia-bunak, lia-kemak, lia-makasai no lia-mambai.[1] Kona-ba relijiaun, maioria populasaun mak sarani Katóliku (liu 90 porsentu), ho populasaun ki’ik Musulmanu, Protestante no Indú. Espresaun relijioza sira ne’e moris hamutuk ho fiar animista ne’ebé hetan espresaun iha orden relijioza formál sira nia liur ka tuir relasaun sinkronistika ho relijiaun sira ne’e.

Istória koloniál rai-Timór nian bele trasa ba kotuk to’o prinsipiu sekulu sanulu-resin-neen, bainhira misionáriu Olandés no Portugés sira halo kontaktu ho illa ne’e ba dala uluk. Kontaktu ne’e aumenta hetok iha sekulu ne’ebé tuir no ema Portugés sira buka atu hametin sira nia kontrole ba territóriu, hodi esplora rekursu naturál sira hanesan ai-kameli. Maibé, foin iha sékulu sanulu-resin-sia nia klaran de’it mak rai-Portugál no rai-Olanda hahú negosiasaun hodi fahe illa ne’e ba sira rua, no deliniasaun finál ba territóriu remata iha prinsípiu sékulu ruanulu. Portugés sira kontrola illa ne’e nia rohan Leste ho mós enklave Oekusi, enkuantu Olandés sira kontrola Timór Osidentál hamutuk ho restu arkipélagu.

Durante Funu Mundiál Rua, rai-Timór Portugés hetan invasaun hosi rai-Japaun Imperiál, ukupasaun ida ne’ebé dura hosi tinan 1942 to’o tinan 1945. Timoroan rihun sanulu balu mak mate durante okupasaun ne’e liuliu tanba tulun vitál ne’ebé sira hafó ba soldadu Australianu uitoan ne’ebé mak halo funu hodi impede japonés sira nia avansu ba súl.[2]

Rai-Portugál hahú hikas ninia kontrolu ba territóriu hafoin rai-Japaun hetan derota iha Funu Mundiál Rua. Enkuantu rai-Olanda husik tiha Timór Osidentál ba nasaun foun Repúblika Indonézia iha tinan 1949, foin iha de’it tinan 1974 mak Portugál hahú sai hosi nia kolónia sira inklui mós rai-Timór. Iha vákuu podér ne’ebé tuir, funu sivíl badak maibé violentu ida hahú iha fulan Agostu tinan 1975 entre Frente Revolusionária ba Libertasaun Timor-Leste (Fretilin) ho Uniaun Demokrátika Timorense (UDT), no Fretilin hametin nia domíniu iha territóriu tomak iha fulan hirak tuirmai.

Hafoin série atake preliminár balu hosi rai-ketan no liutiha loron sia hosi Fretilin nia deklasaraun independénsia nasionál ba Timor-Leste, militár indonéziu hahú invazaun eskala boot hodi obriga territóriu nia integrasaun ba Repúblika Indonézia. Iha dia 22 fulan Dezembru, 1975 Konsellu Seguransa Nasoins Unidas nian husu rai-Indonézia atu sai hosi territóriu ne’e, maibé Indonézia rekuza ezijénsia ne’e no tentativa seluk ne’ebé tuirtán atu hapara nia okupasaun.

Okupasaun hosi rai-Indonézia hetan nia karateristika hosi opresaun militár brutál, migrasaun interna maka’as, abuzu seksuál no hamlaha forsadu. Peskiza boot liu ne’ebé iha hatudu katak durante tempu okupasaun númeru mínimu ema ne’ebé mate mak liu uitoan ema nain 100,000, maibé bele to’o ema nain 186,00 mate tanba violénsia, hamlaha no moras ne’ebé mosu hosi okupasaun.[3] Iha tinan 24 nia laran, ema sobrevivente rihun ba rihun mak sujeita ba abuzu direitus umanus oinoin, hosi destituisaun to’o abuzu seksuál, detensaun to’o tortura.

Rezisténsia la’o nafatin hodi kontra tentativa atu obriga Timur Timur, naran ne’ebé fó ba territóriu ne’e, atu integra aan ba rai-Indonézia. Forsa Armada ba Libertasaun Nasionál Timor-Leste nian (FALINTIL), hala’o funu gerrilla naruk liuhosi uza rai-foho nu’udar baze ba sira nia atividade. Masakre Santa Cruz iha fulan Novembru tinan 1991, ne’ebé grava iha vídeo no fó sai liuhosi televizaun iha mundu rai-klaran, hafó testemuńu ba joven sira nia frente klandestina ne’ebé kadavés ativu liután, liuliu iha sentru urbanu sira. Maski masakre ne’e mosu hanesan kontratempu boot ida ba frente klandestina, kombinasaun hosi atividade polítika boot liután hosi joven sira, hamutuk ho atividade persistente gerrilla nian no mós kampańa internasionál signifika katak durante dékada 1990 Indonézia nia rejime hetan presaun beibeik.

Ho revolta polítika boot iha rai-Indonézia iha dékada 1990, Prezidente Suharto ne’ebé ukun tempu naruk rezigna aan iha fulan Juńu, 1998. Prezidente foun, B.J. Habibe anunsia iha fulan Janeiru, 1999 katak sei halo referendu ida ba Timoroan sira atu deside entre autonomia iha rai-Indonézia laran ka independénsia totál. Tuirfali, Misaun Asistensia ba Timor-Leste Nasoins Unidas nian (UNTAET) hari hodi hala’o prosesu referendu nian.

Iha fulan hirak molok eventu ne’e, milisia pro-Jakarta sira hari ho kolusaun militár Indonézia nian iha Timor-Leste laran tomak. Sira nia formasaun halo parte ba planu ida atu intimida populasaun lokál hodi vota kontra independénsia, no hanesan mós tentativa atu fó imajen ida katak konflitu ne’e entre Timoroan sira. Ho masakre sira iha fatin hanesan Likisa, no mós aumentu jerál ba violénsia iha territóriu tomak, votasaun adia tiha to’o dia 30 Agostu. Maski iha intimidasaun nafatin, iha dia 4 Setembru, 1999 anúnsiu fó sai katak 98.6 porsentu votante sira ne’ebé rejistadu vota iha referendu ne’e no 78 porsentu mak vota ba independénsia.

Votu ba independénsia hamosu kampańa masakre no destruisaun nian hosi militár Indonéziu no sira nia milisia. Durante períodu ida ne’e maizumenus Timoroan nain 1,500 mak mate no 300,000 mak forsadu atu halai nu’udar refujiadu , liuliu ba rai-Timór Osidentál. Timor-Leste nia infraestrutura barak liu mak ema na’ok no harahun, ho kuaze ľ edifisiu hotu-hotu iha territóriu, inklui mós uma privadu, eskola, edifísiu públiku no merkadu sira mak hetan estragu maka’as ka rahun hotu.

Iha dia 20 Setembru, forsa manutensaun paz ho mandatu hosi Nasoins Unidas ne’ebé Australia lidera tama iha Dili nu’udar Forsa Internasionál ba Timor-Leste (INTERFET). Iha dia 25 Outubru 1999, Administrasaun Tranzitória Nasoins Unidas nian ba Timor-Leste (UNTAET) hari hodi kaer responsabilidade kona-ba tranzisaun territóriu nian ba independénsia.

Eleisaun ida hala’o iha dia 30 Agostu 2001 hodi hili reprezentante sira ne’ebé mak atu determina Konstituisaun Nasaun nian. Defaktu, Assembleia Konstituinte ida ne’e nakfila aan ba Primeiru Parlamentu Timor-Leste nian hodi servi mandatu ba tinan lima, no kaer podér iha dia 20 Maiu 2002, loron ne’ebé selebra independénsia totál no formál. Fretilin hari governu ho Mari Alkatiri nia lideransa, no Xanana Gusmăo sai prezidente Timor-Leste nian ba dala uluk. UNTAET fó susesaun ba Nasoins Unidas nia Misaun Apoiu ba Timor-Leste (UNMISET).

Ho moeda ne’ebé bazeia ba dolár Amerikanu (maski agora iha moeda úniku ba Timor-Leste) iha esperansa barak ba reseita hosi impostu mina-rai no gás nian hosi Tasi-Timór. Hosi negosiasaun naruk no moruk ho Austrália kona-ba tratadu marítimu no asesu subsekuente ba Tasi-Timór, ema barak iha esperansa katak lakleur reseita ne’e sei hahú halo impaktu ekonómiku iha Timor-Leste laran. Maioria populasaun kontinua nafatin nu’udar agrikultór subsisténsia nian, ho kafé nu’udar produtu esportasaun agríkola ne’ebé mak importante liu.

Timor-Leste kontemporáneu hasoru dezafiu barak. Pobreza, dezempregu, servisu sosiál sira ne’ebé mak fraku ka inezistente, kondisaun moris kuran, alfabetizasaun no saúde jerál no materna ne’ebé kuran hela no sai hotu hanesan esperiénsia komún ba Timoroan barak tebes. Dezaprovasaun kontínua ba governu hosi seksaun komunidade balu, no mós alegasaun barak kona-ba korrupsaun no administrasaun ladi’ak, tensaun kona-ba rai no propriedade ne’ebé seidauk rezolve nakfila ba ajitasaun sosiál ho forma oinoin. Iha tinan 2002 demonstrasaun juventude nian rezulta ba asaun sunu Primeiru Ministru nia uma, iha tinan 2004 antigu kombatente sira protesta kontra governu nia falla hodi rekońese sira nia servisu, no iha tinan 2005 Igreja Katólika mobiliza ema rihun ba rihun hodi halo demonstrasaun kontra governu, aparentemente tanba kurríkulu edukasaun nian. Maibé, dezorden sériu liu akontese iha tinan 2006 ho kolapsu totál seguransa nian iha kapitál, no forsa polísia ho militár ne’ebé fahe maka’as ba faksaun hatuda malu. Iha vákuu podér subsekuente nian laran, gang sira mosu ho baze signifikativu ba divizaun étnika entre Lorosa’e (parte orientál Timor-Leste nian), no Loromonu (parte osidentál Timor-Leste nian), hatudu ho maneira dramátika tebes difikuldade sira ne’ebé mak Timor-Leste sei hasoru bainhira hala’o nafatin prosesu harii nasaun.

Hosi Vanessa Whitehead ho Damian Grenfell, Outubru 2006

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Tuirmai mak lista badak ba mapa, fatin internét (website) no livru sira ne’ebé hafó introdusaun di’ak ba aspetu oinoin kona-ba Timor-Leste nia jeografia, istória no sosiedade kontemporánea. Porfavór haree ba lista rekursu sira nian ne’ebé mak ami halo daudaun iha página Tema Peskiza idaidak nian atu hetan kompilasaun estensu liután ka Banku-dadus Globál-Lokál kona-ba Timor-Leste.

Mapa Timor-Leste nian
    . Department of Public Information, Cartographic Section, Regions of Timor-Leste, Map No. 4117 Rev. 4, United Nations, Dili, 2002.

    . Department of Public Information, Geographic Section, East Timor, Map. No. 4111, United Nations, Dili, 1999.

    . Field Information and Coordination Support Section, Division of Operational Services, Timor-Leste Atlas Map, UNHCR, Dili, 2006.

    . MTRC Information Centre, Districts of Timor-Leste, RDTL, Dili, 2006.
Useful Websites
    . Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR)
    This is the official website of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor. It contains an extensive array of information including recent and past media releases, reports and other documents.

    . The East Timor and Indonesian Action Network (ETAN)
    ETAN is an activist network and was founded in 1991 to support the East Timorese struggle for self-determination and human rights justice. Since Timor-Leste's independence ETAN has revised its role to be a United States-based grassroots organization that "educates, organizes, and advocates for human rights, women's rights, societal and economic justice, democracy and genuine self-determination in East Timor". The organization is particularly concerned with "justice for historic and ongoing crimes against humanity, war crimes, and human rights violations", and this website includes many materials relevant to the theme of nation building.

    . Judicial System Monitoring Programme
    This multilingual site details the work of the Judicial System Monitoring Programme (JSMP) as well as providing many resources on the formal justice system in Timor-Leste.

    . Timor-Leste Studies Association
    An Australian-based initiative aimed at connecting researchers who work on Timor-Leste and at profiling research about Timor-Leste.

    . United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) and the United Nations agencies in Timor-Leste
    UNMIT is the current United Nations mission in Timor-Leste and was established on 25 August 2006 as a response to the socio-political crisis affecting Timor-Leste since April. This site provides comprehensive information about the mission as well as detailing the work of the individual UN agencies.
Books
    . Cristalis, Irena, Bitter Dawn: East Timor, A People's Story, Zed Books, London, New York, 2002.

    . Dunn, James, East Timor: A Rough Passage to Independence, Longueville Books, Sydney, 2003.

    . Greenless, Don and Robert Garran, Deliverance: The Inside Story of East Timor's Fight for Freedom, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, 2002.

    . Gunn, Geoffrey, Timor Loro Sae: 500 Years, Livros do Oriente, Hong Kong, 1999.

    . Joliffe, Jill, East Timor: Nationalism and colonialism, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1978.

    . McDonald, Hamish (et al), Masters of Terror: Indonesia's Military and Violence in East Timor in 1999, Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence No. 145, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, 2002.

    . Nicol, Bill, Timor: A nation reborn, Equinox Publishing, Jakarta, 2002.

    . Smythe, Patrick A., The Heaviest Blow-The Catholic Church and the East Timor Issue, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, 2004.

    . Tanter, Richard, Mark Selden and Stephen Shalom (eds), Bitter Flowers, Sweet Flowers, Pluto Press, Sydney, 2001.

    . Taylor, John G., Indonesia's Forgotten War: The hidden history of East Timor, Zed, London, 1991.
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[1] Language remains a contentious point of debate in Timor-Leste. In terms of the numbers of languages and dialects spoken, different estimates often range from 15 to more than 40. The figure here is simply based on the 2004 Census, which listed nearly 40 languages spoken, including a category for 'other'.

[2] John Taylor uses the figure of 60,000 as a total estimate of the number of Timorese killed during the Japanese occupation. See John G. Taylor, Indonesia's Forgotten War: The hidden history of East Timor, Zed, London, 1991.

[3] Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth, and Reconciliation Timor-Leste, Draft Copy, October 2005, p. 44 and p. 77. For instance, the Executive Summary explains that "The Commission estimates that the minimum figure for the number of conflict-related deaths during the Commission's reference period, 1974-1999, is 102,800 (+/- 12,000). This estimate is derived from (i) an estimated 18,600 total killings (+/-1000) using multiple systems estimation (MSE) techniques and (ii) an estimate of 84,200 (+/- 11,000) deaths due to hunger and illness which exceed the total that would be expected if the death rate due to hunger and illness had continued as it was in the pre-invasion peacetime period." Chega! The Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth, and Reconciliation Timor-Leste, Draft Copy, October 2005, p. 44.  



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